Shared mobility in Brussels: e-scooters, bicycles, taxis and the battle over concessions

Current situation

In March 2025, the shared mobility market in Brussels comprises approximately 15,700 free-floating vehicles: ~9,200 electric e-scooters and ~6,500 bicycles. In addition to these fleets, there are 360 Villo! stations (JCDecaux), representing around 5,000 docked bicycles, as well as shared scooters (Felyx, GO Sharing) and cargo bikes (TIER, Pony).

The market has undergone a major regulatory consolidation since 2023, marked by an unprecedented legal dispute between private operators, the regional government and the Council of State.

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Shared e-scooters and micro-mobility

Regulatory framework

The Brussels government decree of 13 July 2023 regulates free-floating shared mobility:

Litigation and legal saga

The selection of Bolt and Dott as the sole e-scooter operators in December 2023 triggered a legal battle that lasted over two years:

1. December 2023 — The government selects Bolt and Dott (8,000 e-scooters in total)
2. January 2024 — Lime and Voi obtain interim relief to continue operating
3. 25 April 2024 — The Council of State suspends the fleet caps, ruling that the justification was insufficient. Drop zones, however, are upheld
4. 2024 — The government amends the decree (legal justification, selection criteria, GDPR compliance)
5. 1 July 2025 — The Council of State rejects Lime's application: the operator must cease operations
6. 8 July 2025 — Lime returns via a licence transfer from Bodaz (a dormant operator with a valid licence until 5 December 2025)
7. 5 December 2025 — The Bodaz licence expires. Lime's status after this date is not confirmed by available sources

As of February 2026, Bolt and Dott hold the only valid licences (until 31 December 2026). The annulment proceedings on the merits before the Council of State remain pending.

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Shared bicycles and the post-Villo! era

Villo! (JCDecaux) — End of concession

The agreement between the Region and JCDecaux, signed in November 2008, expires in September 2026. After nearly 17 years, the Villo! system is showing signs of decline:

Bruxelles Mobilite launched a comparative study in January 2023 to evaluate post-concession scenarios: (1) maintaining docking stations, (2) free-floating only, (3) hybrid, (4) public operator via the STIB. The dismantling clause requires JCDecaux to remove all stations and restore the public space within 7 months of the concession's end.

No call for tenders or decision has been announced by the new government at this stage.

Free-floating bicycles

In parallel, the free-floating bike-sharing market has grown significantly. In March 2025, around 6,500 shared bicycles were operating in Brussels (Lime, Bolt, Dott, Voi). The data.mobility.brussels portal lists 231 datasets including drop zones and the Cycling Observatory.

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Taxis and ride-hailing services

2022 taxi ordinance

The ordinance of 9 June 2022 unified the regulatory framework for paid passenger transport in Brussels. The implementing decrees (6 October 2022) set out:

Zero-emission transition

The deadline for zero-emission taxis was postponed from 2025 to 2027 by the Brussels Parliament, at the initiative of PS and MR. The sector had requested a postponement to 2030. According to Shifters Belgium, this delay represents an additional cost of +67,000 tonnes of CO2.

Reclassification of ride-hailing drivers

The question of the employment status of platform drivers (Uber, Bolt) has been the subject of three successive court decisions:

The Labour Court found, among other things, the absence of genuine economic risk, the inability to set prices, automatic disconnection after 3 refusals within 15 seconds and control via geolocation. This decision, while final for the individual case, has not yet led to a systematic reclassification of platform drivers.

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LEZ and Bruxell'Air: the link with shared mobility

Bruxell'Air — individual mobility budget

The Bruxell'Air premium offers a mobility budget to Brussels residents who give up their vehicle:

The budget covers STIB subscriptions, the purchase of a bicycle (min. 200 EUR), car-sharing (Cambio, Poppy), Victor Cab taxis and the Modalizy card. In 2020, 886 residents benefited from it. The premium budget was quadrupled to over 3 million EUR in 2022 (partly funded through the EU Recovery Plan).

LEZ as an indirect lever

The Low Emission Zone (LEZ) encourages a modal shift towards shared mobility. In 2026, 7% of the vehicle fleet is excluded (minimum diesel Euro 6, minimum petrol Euro 3), these vehicles accounting for 40% of transport NOx emissions. Compliance reaches 99.3%. The lez.brussels portal lists the alternatives: Cambio, Poppy, Villo, Bluebike, Collecto, Park & Ride.

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Accident statistics

The Vias Institute records a sharp rise in accidents involving electric e-scooters:

Brussels accounts for 45% of all e-scooter accidents in the country. Among seriously injured and hospitalised victims, 60% suffer from head injuries. Accidents occur at intersections in 29% of cases and in darkness in 30%. The Vias survey reveals that 44% of Belgians are unaware that the minimum age is 16, and 35% do not know that carrying passengers is prohibited.

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Coverage in the DPR

The Regional Policy Declaration (DPR) of 13 February 2026 does not mention shared mobility as a public policy. Neither Villo!, nor shared e-scooters, nor ride-hailing services (VTC), nor multimodal integration (MaaS/Floya) are cited.

The indirectly related measures are:

• New Regional Mobility Plan replacing Good Move (focused on school zones)
• Maintaining the LEZ (pass 350 EUR/year, fine reduced to 80 EUR)
• 2nd car-free Sunday per year
• Removal of contested bollards

The absence of any mention raises the question of regulatory continuity: the Villo! concession expires in 7 months, e-scooter licences at the end of 2026, and the zero-emission taxi transition still requires support.

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What the data does not tell us

Available statistics do not allow measurement of the actual modal shares of shared mobility in Brussels travel patterns. The number of trips by shared e-scooter, bicycle or scooter is not published by operators nor aggregated by Bruxelles Mobilite.

The social impact of reclassifying ride-hailing drivers remains difficult to quantify: how many drivers are active in Brussels, under what conditions, and what would be the cost of a systematic reclassification as employees for platforms and the social security system.

Finally, the post-Villo! scenario is not publicly documented: neither the cost of a public operator nor the results of the Bruxelles Mobilite comparative study (launched in January 2023) have been made public.